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Research Progress on the Biosynthesis and Functions of Plant Terpenoids Yongchang XUE, Hexian WANG, Di ZHAO, Jing GUO, Ao LI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 479-490.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.002 Abstract （2084）   HTML （125）    PDF（pc） （1908KB）（2672）       Knowledge map    Save Terpenoids， as key secondary metabolites， are involved in physiological processes such as antioxidation， signaling， and stomatal movement in plants under adversity stress， and play an important role in plant adversity response. They can not only directly participate in plant defense mechanisms， but also act as signaling molecules to regulate plant-plant interactions and influence the adaptability and stability of plant communities. Due to their wide range of biological activities， terpenoids have been widely used in the food， pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. With the development of synthetic biotechnology， the research field of terpenoids will become more diversified and challenging， and their applications will be more promising. This review comprehensively analyzed the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and their physiological and ecological functions in plants， aiming to deepen the understanding of the adaptive strategies of plants to adversity， to provide reference for the study of plant resistance， and to provide a new approach for the development of sustainable agriculture and pharmaceutical and health industries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of Research on Culture and Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Boyan WANG, Jin CHEN, Qixiu CHENG, Yueming BAO, Haining WANG, Rui QIN, Xiaoyu LI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 361-370.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.007 Abstract （1235）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （2040KB）（2530）       Knowledge map    Save Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are one of the crucial microbial communities in the soil ecosystem. Researches on AMF reproductive techniques and their applications in practice have profound significance for elevating agricultural production efficiency and sustainability. This paper reviewed the latest research advancements in the symbiotic mechanism of AMF and its application in propagation systems and microbial inoculants. It explored the molecular mechanism through which AMF establish symbiotic relationships with plant roots； analyzed the optimization strategies for AMF propagation systems， encompassing key factors such as aseptic culture techniques， substrate selection， and environmental control； discussed the application potential of AMF inoculants in actual production， including enhancing crop yields， strengthening plant stress resistance， and improving soil structure. It highlighted the practical issues existing in the current application domains of AMF and the future research directions. The purpose was to offer a reference for further comprehension of the significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and lay the foundation for the development of novel microbial inoculants and their application in agricultural ecosystems in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms and Regulation of Interactions between AM Fungi and Hyphosphere Bacteria in Organic Phosphorus Mineralization Wenhui YAN, Shilong DUAN, Lin ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 345-351.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.005 Abstract （1218）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （2504KB）（909）       Knowledge map    Save The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM） fungi and soil bacteria plays a crucial role in plant phosphorus acquisition. This review systematically elucidated the impact of AM fungi-bacteria interactions on soil phosphorus cycling and their regulatory mechanisms. AM fungal hyphal exudates， including sugars， carboxylates， and amino acids， provide carbon sources for bacteria and specifically recruit phosphate-solubilizing bacteria， while the hyphae serve as "mobile bridges" to facilitate bacterial migration. Besides， AM fungi can modulate the structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome， enriching functional bacteria carrying the phoD gene， enhancing phosphatase activity， and promoting organic phosphorus mineralization. Based on these mechanisms， strategies such as regulating soil C：P ratio and supplementing hyphal exudate components can regulate AM fungi-bacteria interactions and improve soil phosphorus utilization efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-ultraviolet Radiation, and Antibacterial Functions of Endophytic Extracts from Different Plant Sources Kunlin ZOU, Siyuan JIANG, Yajing WEI, Shun ZHANG, Peng LI, Jing YIN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 433-446.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.013 Abstract （1001）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （4173KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Save This study evaluated the antioxidant， antimicrobial， UV radiation resistance properties， and secondary metabolite content of fermented extracts from 20 endophytic fungi of diverse plant origins to assess their potential in cosmetic applications. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging rates of fermentation broths and mycelial extracts were measured using microplate reader colorimetry， while ferric ion reduction capacity was determined via FRAP assay. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the Oxford cup method. The results indicated strong antioxidant activity in fermentation broths of strains XY1， YZ6， ZJ29， XG4-2， and ZBS49. ZJ29 exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging rate （93.62%）， while XY1 showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging rate （90.47%）. ZJ29 fermentation broth also demonstrated an ABTS radical scavenging rate >50% and the highest FRAP value （2 974.55 μmol?L-1）. Tyrosinase inhibition by ZJ29 and ZL18-1 mycelial extracts reached 60.62% and 98.10%， respectively， with ZJ29 fermentation broth showing the strongest inhibition（69.78%）. ZJ29 fermentation broth exhibited the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The UVA and UVB absorbance of YZ6 and ZJ29 was higher than 2.8， and the UVA absorbance of YZ6 and ZJ29 was higher than 2.0 and 1.5， respectively. YZ6 mycelial extract also showed strong resistance to UVB and UVA， with absorbance of 1.5-2.5. YH3 and XY1 mycelial extracts contained the higher polyphenol （18.47 and 15.36 mg?g-1） and flavonoid （4.35 and 7.15 mg?g-1） content， respectively. ZL23 and ZJ29 had the higher triterpene content （16.79 and 11.20 mg?g-1， respectively）. In conclusion， ZJ29 mycelial extracts had superior antimicrobial， UV radiation resistance， and antioxidant activities， followed by YZ6 and XY1， highlighting their significant potential for daily chemical products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Interaction of Invasive Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi and Its Effect on Soil Nitrogen Cycling Xi LIU, Hongyuan HUANG, Shengchang YI, Yadi YU, Hao WANG, Xiaokang NI, Yuli HU, Ling ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 371-385.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.008 Abstract （683）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （783KB）（2963）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of global climate change， the phenomenon of plant invasion has been increasingly intensified. Invasive plants affect biodiversity by reducing local species， altering soil microbial community structure and composition， and impacting ecosystem structure and function， which significantly modifies ecological processes such as soil nitrogen cycling. Soil nitrogen cycling is a crucial component of ecosystem nutrient cycling， influencing nitrogen supply and distribution within ecosystems. Both global climate change and plant invasion are altering the efficiency and pathways of soil nitrogen cycling. Mycorrhizae， as an important symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots， play a vital role in the soil nitrogen cycle. However， there is still a lack of systematic research and in-depth understanding of the impact of mycorrhizal interactions with invasive plants on soil nitrogen cycling. This review summarized recent progress in research on the interaction between invasive plants and mycorrhizal fungi in the context of soil nitrogen cycling， focusing on mechanisms such as the regulation of soil microbial communities， the effects on soil nitrification， denitrification， and related soil enzyme activities， and alterations in soil physicochemical properties that influence soil nitrogen cycling. Additionally， the paper proposed future research directions. This study provided new perspectives for understanding the role of invasive plants in global soil nitrogen cycling and offered theoretical support for invasive plant management and nitrogen cycling response evaluation as affected by plant invasions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dark Septate Endophytes: Important Partners of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Genomic Signatures for Adaptation Zhongfeng LI, Zhiyong ZHU, Zhilin YUAN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 352-360.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.006 Abstract （662）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1467KB）（1905）       Knowledge map    Save Dark septate endophytes（DSEs） constitute an important component of root-associated mycobiome and typically develop microsclerotia-like structures in cortical cells. Generally， DSEs perform functions similar to those of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting plant growth， nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Under certain extreme environments， the abundance of DSEs often exceeds that of mycorrhizal fungi. In this review article， we first summarized the species diversity， basic biological traits and eco-physiological functions played by DSEs， an important component of root-associated mycobiome. We then mainly focused on the advances concerning mechanisms underlying plant-DSEs mutualism as well as genomic signatures and evolutionary adaptation of DSEs. Together， our understanding of more adaptive potentials of DSEs and their extended effects on improving plant abiotic tolerance emerged. Promisingly， the development of robust DSE inoculants used for ecological restoration of soils and improvement of plant productivity in agro-forestry systems under stressful environment was briefly discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of the Maize GLP Family Genes and Their Expression in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Jianhui CHUN, Wenlong DONG, Yuanchao TU, Fang LIU, Yunjian XU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 406-418.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.011 Abstract （585）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （6235KB）（590）       Knowledge map    Save Germin-like proteins （GLPs） are a class of highly conserved stress-responsive proteins that can specifically respond to symbiotic interactions. This study， based on the whole-genome information of maize B73， used bioinformatics approaches to identify and analyze the characteristics of the ZmGLP gene family. The expression patterns of ZmGLP genes during arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） symbiosis were examined by using transcriptome data. This study identified a total of 45 ZmGLP genes， which were distributed across nine chromosomes， with 25 of the genes being tandem duplications. By analysis of a phylogenetic tree， ZmGLP genes were classified into five distinct subfamilies. Notably， there were significant differences in tissue expression patterns among different ZmGLP genes. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that ZmGLP promoters contained elements responsive to light， stress， and growth and development. Interestingly， the promoter of ZmGLP4-8 contained the mycorrhiza-responsive element MYCS， and 20 ZmGLP promoters contained the potential mycorrhiza-responsive element GCCGGC. Analysis of transcriptome data from maize roots at different days after inoculation with AMF revealed that the expression of 12 ZmGLP genes was significantly changed following inoculation with AMF. Among them， ZmGLP3-3， ZmGLP4-8， ZmGLP4-16， ZmGLP4-20， ZmGLP5-1， and ZmGLP6-1 were significantly upregulated in expression during the late stage of symbiosis. These genes were located in different evolutionary branches compared to the reported symbiosis-related GLP genes， suggesting that these genes may be involved in functions related to the late stage of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Functional studies of ZmGLP3-3 showed that， compared to wild-type maize plants， the mycorrhizal symbiosis rate of the mutant zmglp3-3 was significantly reduced. In summary， this study provided a comprehensive theoretical basis for the exploration of symbiosis-related ZmGLP genes in maize， offering insights into their potential roles and functions in plant-fungal interactions. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diversification of Plant Soil Nitrogen Uptake Strategies and Its Ecological Implications Lei GAO, Ruitong YANG, Baodong LIU, Shuxia JIA, Yafen GUO, Xiaoyang CUI Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 662-674.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.002 Abstract （584）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （2735KB）（1129）       Knowledge map    Save The process of plant nitrogen（N） uptake from soil and its multidimensional strategies significantly influence the biodiversity and carbon sequestration functions of ecosystems. This paper systematically reviewed the development of N nutrition theories in plants， introducing mineral nutrition theory and mineral-organic nutrition theory. It focused on the multidimensional strategies that plants use to absorb soil N， covering four main aspects： （1）multiform N absorption， which includes both inorganic N（e.g. ammonium and nitrate） and a range of low molecular weight organic N forms such as amino acids， amino sugars， and oligopeptides； （2）seasonal variation in N absorption， in which plants exhibit significant seasonal variations in both the magnitude and patterns of uptake of various forms of soil N， and different species may display distinct differences in uptake patterns； （3） stratified soil layer absorption， in which the root system configuration and the variation of available soil N across soil vertical profiles influence plant absorption of N amounts and N forms at different soil depths； （4）symbiotic absorption differentiation， in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria， mycorrhizal fungi， and dark-septate endophytic fungi promote N uptake by plants and， to some extent， affect the plant’s acquisition of different N forms. It was concluded that the multidimensional strategies of plant N uptake provide a basis for plant coexistence and niche differentiation in ecosystems， playing a key role in mitigating inter-plant competition， reducing N loss， and improving N use efficiency in ecosystems. However， research on plant N uptake strategies remains insufficient， with several key scientific issues yet to be resolved， such as the in-situ availability and dynamics of soil N， the turnover differences of various available N forms in soil， the molecular biological mechanisms of plant N uptake strategies， and the contributions of different available N forms to plant N nutrition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Mixed Eucalyptus Plantations with Different Mycorrhizal Tree Species on Soil Microbial Community Yaxin WANG, Yuan ZHU, Sen MENG, Angang MING, Hongyan JIA, Fangcuo QIN, Junkun LU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 447-459.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.014 Abstract （570）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （4580KB）（695）       Knowledge map    Save Mixed-species plantations can promote soil nutrient cycling， productivity， and ecosystem functions. Mycorrhizal associations play important roles in affecting species coexistence and nutrient cycling in mixed plantations. However， our understanding on the effects of mixed tree species with different mycorrhizal types on soil microbial community associated with soil nutrients of Eucalyptus plantations remains limited. In this study， we conducted metagenomic sequencing to investigate the changes in soil microbial community structure and functions， co-occurrence networks between bacteria and fungi， and their relationships with soil nutrients for one monospecific Eucalyptus plantation and three mixed Eucalyptus plantations with different mycorrhizal tree species， including Dalbergia odorifera（arbuscular mycorrhizal and N2-fixing， AM-NF）， Michelia macclurei（arbuscular mycorrhizal， AM）， and Quercus acutissima（ectomycorrhizal， ECM）. The results indicated that the mixed stands significantly increased the richness of soil microbial community， enhanced the abundance of genes related to soil nutrient cycling， and increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks. The mixed plantations of Eucalyptus with D. odorifera had the highest soil microbial richness， relative abundance of bacterial community associated with aerobic chemoheterotrophy and fermentation， and the modularity of fungal-bacterial co-occurrence network； meanwhile， either the bacterial or fungal communities were significantly different from the other three plantations. The mixed Eucalyptus plantations with M. macclurei or Q. acutissima species had the highest abundance of microbial functional genes such as hydrocarbon degradation， nitrogen fixation， and methanotrophy. In addition， the microbial co-occurrence networks in the mixed Eucalyptus plantations with Q. acutissima have the highest number of edges， average degree， and network stability. The richness of key microbes in co-occurrence networks was closely correlated with soil \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} level. However， the richness of microbial community of the networks in the mixed Eucalyptus plantations with D. odorifera and M. macclurei was largely associated with soil \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+} level. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Prospects on Ecology, Physiology and Application Technology of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Baodong CHEN, Ertao WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 329-332.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.001 Abstract （517）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （337KB）（373）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Functional Mechanisms in Walnuts Yongjie XU, Zuoping TAN, Qiangsheng WU, Xiaoqing LIU, Xiaohong XU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 386-392.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.009 Abstract （489）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （612KB）（2288）       Knowledge map    Save Walnut（Juglans） is an important economic forest tree species in the world， whose growth and development are associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）. The rhizosphere of walnuts is rich in AMF populations， with multiple species in ten genera. Planting patterns（e.g.， intercropping） and soil nutrients have an impact on AMF diversity in the walnut rhizosphere. However， deep-rooted walnut trees serve as a reservoir for AMF propagules， allowing for efficient nutrient（e.g.， phosphorus and carbon） redistribution among surrounding plants through the common mycorrhizal network. This review elucidated the mechanisms by which AMF enhanced walnut growth and survival， promoted nutrient（particularly phosphorus） uptake， and increased drought tolerance. It also explored the potential of AMF in enhancing and transferring juglone， a key secondary metabolite in walnuts. The paper concluded with a perspective on the study of walnut mycorrhizae. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Herbgenomics Empowers Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Zhichao XU, Shilin CHEN Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 471-478.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.001 Abstract （459）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （1760KB）（1280）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the Interspecific Difference of Primary Structure of Aerial Roots among Three Epiphytic Orchids Yin REN, Wenna WANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 648-658.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.016 Abstract （424）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （3459KB）（309）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the correlation between structure and function of aerial roots of epiphytic Orchidaceae plants， the paraffin embedding technique was used to obtain cross-sectional slices of the primary structures of aerial roots of Dendrobium loddigesii， Oncidium flexuosum and Dendrobium nobile. By measuring the cross-sectional areas of cortical tissue， vascular tissue and other structures of the primary roots， as well as the characteristics such as the number and size of cortical cells and vessels， the anatomical reasons for cross-sectional area changes of the aerial roots were analyzed. The results indicated that： （1）there were significant differences in the cross-sectional area of aerial roots among three species（P<0.05）， the cross-sectional area of the aerial root of D. nobile was the largest， followed by O. flexuosum and D. loddigesii. For each species， the proportions of velamen and cortex areas to the root cross-sectional area were relatively high（37.46%-57.03%）， thus the velamen and cortex had high correlations with the root cross-sectional area（r=0.91-0.98，P<0.05）. （2）Significant correlations existed between cortex area and cortical cell traits， vascular tissue area and conduit traits（P<0.05）. The correlation of cortex area with the mean cortical cell diameter（r=0.68-0.90） was stronger than that with cortical cell layers（r=0.56-0.66）. In addition， the correlation of vascular tissue area with conduit quantity（r=0.64-0.77） was closer than that with mean conduit diameter（r=0.58-0.71）. （3）D. nobile had significantly lower proportions of cortical and vascular tissue area but a significantly higher proportion of velamen area to the root cross-sectional area， when compared to the other two species. Besides， D. nobile also had thicker and more conduits and larger total conduit area， but lower conduit density， which reflected the diversity of different epiphytic orchid species in resource acquisition and strategies for drought stress tolerance. In summary， this study clarified the anatomical mechanisms underlying the cross-sectional area changes of aerial roots of three epiphytic orchids as well as the interspecific differences in resource acquisition strategies， and provided a new scientific perspective for understanding the relationship between plant root structure and function. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Environmental Factors on the Active Ingredients of Codonopsis pilosula Hao GUO, Caixia CHEN, Xiaojing AN, Xian’en LI, Haiying WANG, Zhongting XIA Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 518-532.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.005 Abstract （417）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （3493KB）（646）       Knowledge map    Save To clarify the key factors affecting the content of active ingredients in Codonopsis pilosula， and to provide scientific basis for the selection of producing areas’ environmental factors for standardized cultivation， the effects of 32 environmental factors such as meteorology and soil conditions in different producing areas were explored. In this study， samples of cultivated C. pilosula and its root zone soil were collected from a total of 27 sampling sites in the main producing areas（Chongqing， Inner Mongolia， Gansu， and Shanxi）. The soil physicochemical indicators from different producing areas and the contents of lobetyolin and polysaccharides in C. pilosula weremeasured， and the correlations between various environmental factors and the active ingredients in C. pilosula were analyzed. The results indicated that there were regional differences in the content of active ingredients in C. pilosula. The highest polysaccharide content was 386 mg·g-1 in samples collected from Ar Horqin Banner in Chifeng city. The highest lobetyolin content was 2.128 mg·g-1 in samples collected from Wuxi in Chongqing city. Among the factors contributing to the variance in the content of active ingredients in C. pilosula from different producing areas， monthly extreme temperature had the highest contribution， followed by soil enzyme activity and organic matter factors， with soil nutrients contributing the least. The effects of different environmental factors on accumulation of polysaccharides and lobetyolin in C. pilosula varied in different producing areas. Polysaccharides contents in C. pilosula were mainly influenced by soil organic matter， precipitation in October， and soil alkaline phosphatase activity， while lobetyolin was primarily affected by soil available nitrogen， soil acid phosphatase activity， the minimum temperature in May and July-August， and soil pH. In summary， monthly extreme temperature was the main factor driving the variation in content of active ingredients in C. pilosula， and attention should be paid to the impacts of precipitation， soil nutrients， and phosphatase activity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Endangered Salvia petrophila Yingying WANG, Dengli YU, Fengjin QIU, Rongrong YAN, Guoxiong HU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 558-568.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.008 Abstract （412）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （3474KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save To establish the rapid propagation system of tissue culture of an endangered plant Salvia petrophila， the disinfectant concentration and duration in the sterilization process， as well as the regulation of hormone types and concentrations on seed germination， the subculture and preliferation of stem segments with axillary buds at the base， induction and differentiation of callus from stem segments， rooting， hardening off and transplanting were investigated respectively. The results showed that （1） the appropriate sterilization method for S. petrophila seeds was 75% alcohol treatment for 30 s， followed by 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 8 min， achieving a germination rate of 40.83%. （2） The appropriate medium for seed germination was MS supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA， resulting in a germination rate of 71.12%. （3） For subculture proliferation， the appropriate medium was MS with 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA， yielding a proliferation coefficient of 5.5. （4） For stem segments， the appropriate callus induction medium was MS+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L-1 2，4-D， with an induction rate of 97.10%. The appropriate differentiation medium for callus induced from stem segments was MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA. （5） The appropriate basic medium for adventitious bud rooting was 1/2MS with 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA， achieving a rooting coefficient of 99.11%. （6） After hardening off， the rooted seedlings of S. petrophila were transplanted into a mixed substrate of peat， perlite， and vermiculite in a volume ratio of 1∶1∶1， resulting in a survival rate of 85.5%. The results might lay a technical foundation for the species conservation and resource utilization of S. petrophila， and also provided valuable ideas for the rapid propagation techniques of other Salvia species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Pinus Koraiensis Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity to Lepista nuda Inoculation Yanyan PAN, Xiaoguang LI, Lijun LIU, Hong LI, Xin ZHONG, Yifei ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 460-470.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.015 Abstract （403）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1922KB）（1571）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigated the effects of Lepista nuda inoculation at different doses on the growth of Pinus koraiensis seedlings and rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， aiming to provide technical support for cultivating mycorrhizal P. koraiensis seedlings and forestation. Four-year-old P. koraiensis seedlings were treated with four doses of L. nuda inoculant. Growth parameters， soil nutrient content， and rhizosphere soil enzyme activity were measured and analyzed. Correlation analysis was conducted to elucidate the responses of seedling growth and soil enzyme activity to L. nuda colonization. Key findings were that： （1）L. nuda colonization significantly enhanced seedling growth， at an optimal dose of 150 g?plant-1， plant height， ground diameter， fresh weight， and dry weight increased by 29.07%， 25.69%， 38.16%， and 57.44%， respectively， compared to the control. Mycorrhizal colonization rate and root activity increased significantly in the inoculation treatment compared to the control. （2）Inoculation treatments exhibited higher soil nutrient content than the control， at a dose of 150 g?plant-1， the content of soil organic matter， available nitrogen， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， and available phosphorus increased by 60.67%， 31.46%， 35.23%， 72.22%， and 35.91%， respectively. （3）All doses of L. nuda inoculation enhanced rhizosphere soil enzyme activity， with the maximum increment at a dose of 150 g?plant-1. （4）Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between mycorrhizal colonization rate and root activity， biomass（dry/fresh weight）， growth parameters（height/diameter）， the contents of soil organic matter， total nitrogen/phosphorus， available nitrogen， and activities of sucrase， urease， and phosphatase. Soil available phosphorus content was positively correlated with phosphatase activity， while available nitrogen content was positively correlated with content of soil organic matter， and activities of urease and phosphatase. In conclusion， L. nuda inoculation markedly promoted P. koraiensis growth by regulating soil enzyme activity and nutrient cycling， with 150 g?plant-1 identified as the optimal inoculation dose. The findings of this study provided valuable references for the cultivation of mycorrhizal P. koraiensis seedlings and improvement of forest soil quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nutrient Absorption Characteristics of Epimedium brevicornu and Its Relationship with Pharmacodynamic Components Ying DUAN, Xiaojuan XU, Jie MAO, Chenxia ZHAO, Huizhen WANG, Honggang CHEN, Jinjin MENG, Tao DU Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 504-517.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.004 Abstract （400）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3057KB）（376）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the absorption and distribution characteristics of nutrient elements and the accumulation of pharmacodynamic components in E. brevicornu， and to clarify the characteristic elements affecting the accumulation of pharmacodynamic components， the dry matter accumulation， nutrient element content and flavonoid content in leaves of 3-year-old E. brevicornu were determined， and the correlation between flavonoid components and nutrient elements in leaves was analyzed. The results showed that （1）with the plant growth， the dry matter accumulation increased first and then decreased， and the dry matter accumulation was rapid and reached the maximum in the post-fruit growth period（T5）. （2）The contents of nitrogen（N） and phosphorus（P） in the upper part showed a decreasing trend at the growth stage， while the contents of potassium（K） in the underground part showed a decreasing-rising-decreasing trend， while the contents of K in the underground part had no obvious change， and the net accumulation of N， P and K was the largest in the fruiting period（T4）. （3）The accumulation of 11 nutrient elements during the growth period was listed in a decreasing order： N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. （4）The accumulation of flavonoids in leaves increased first and then decreased. （5）The correlation analysis showed that the flavonoid content had synergistic effect with the contents of magnesium（Mg）， iron（Fe） and copper（Cu）， and had antagonistic effect with the contents of boron （B） and manganese（Mn）. Stepwise regression analysis showed that N， calcium（Ca）， Mn and Fe were the characteristic elements that affected the content of flavonoids in leaves. In conclusion， dry matter accumulation and nutrient accumulation of E. brevicornu were the most critical in the fruiting period. The macroelements should be applied before the fruiting period， mainly N and K fertilizers， ensuring the supply of Mg， Fe and Cu. The accumulation of pharmacodynamic components was the largest in the post-fruit growth period. Combined with the results of this experiment and local climatic conditions， it was recommended that the leaves of E. brevicornu in Linxia of Gansu Province and similar areas should be harvested in early September. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal Germination Temperature of Tree Seeds with Different Primary Dormancy Types and Their Responses to Thermal Dormancy Induction Zhe WANG, Mingyue LI, Meiru ZHU, Peng ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (4): 569-579.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.009 Abstract （390）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （1305KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save In order to clarify the optimal germination temperature conditions of tree seeds with different primary dormancy types and their responses to thermal dormancy induction， the seeds of nine different tree species with three primary dormancy types （non-dormancy， physical dormancy and physiological dormancy） were used as materials for germination tests at 5， 10， 15， 20， 25， 30 and 35 ℃， respectively， and an appropriate germination temperature was determined according to seed germination performance. On this basis， the seeds were cultured at 25， 30 and 35 ℃ and transferred to the appropriate germination temperature for 14 days. The response of different primary dormancy types of seeds to thermal dormancy induction was compared according to seed germination performance. The results showed certain differences in an optimal germination temperature of seeds with different primary dormancy types. The optimal germination temperature for non-dormant seeds （Picea koraiensis， Larix principis-rupprechtii， and Pinus thunbergii） was in a range of 10-25 ℃， for physically dormant seeds （Gleditsia japonica， Robinia pseudoacacia， and Amorpha fruticosa） was in a range of 10-35 ℃， for physiologically dormant seeds （Pinus tabuliformis， Fraxinus rhynchophylla， and Pyrus ussuriensis） was in a range of 5-30 ℃. High temperatures inhibited germination in most seeds. Only the physiologically dormant P. ussuriensis seeds entered thermal dormancy under high temperatures （with dormancy rates of 80%-86%）， while the other physiologically dormant seeds （P. tabuliformis and F. rhynchophylla） had higher mortality rates （46%-69%）. Non-dormant seeds had higher mortality rates （56%-100%）， while physically dormant seeds had lower mortality rates （24%-64%）. Physically dormant seeds had germination rates of 36%-76% at high temperatures of 25-35 ℃. Non-dormant and physically dormant seeds did not enter thermal dormancy under high temperatures， while the response of physiologically dormant seeds to thermal dormancy under high temperatures was inconsistent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of the Symbiosis between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fraxinus malacophylla on Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Carbon Component Content in Karst Rocky Desertification Soils Shuang LUO, Shaojun WANG, Mengjie LAN, Rui LI, Jiahui XIA, Shengqiu YANG, Xiaofei GUO Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (3): 419-432.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.03.012 Abstract （380）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2909KB）（149）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to explore the influence of changes in soil physicochemical properties caused by arbuscular mycorrhiza（AM） symbiosis on carbon component accumulation in Karst rocky desertification soils. Native tree species Fraxinus malacophylla was selected as the host plant. Four AM inoculation treatments were set up as following： Funneliformis mosseae+agro-bio-fertilizer（FM）， Claroideoglomus etunicatum+agro-bio-fertilizer（CE）， Rhizophagus intraradices + agro-bio-fertilizer（RI）， and control（CK， only agro-bio-fertilizer and without AM fungi inoculation）. The coupling relationship between the temporal-spatial dynamics of carbon components（total organic carbon， microbial biomass carbon， and readily oxidizable organic carbon） contents and soil physicochemical properties under inoculation treatments was explored. The results showed that：（1） AM fungal inoculation significantly increased the accumulation of soil carbon components（P<0.05）. Compared with the control， the average increment of soil carbon components under inoculation treatments was ranked as： RI（38.05%-139.34%）>CE（19.96%-88.52%）>FM（9.56%-22.95%）.（2）The seasonal changes of each carbon component content under inoculation treatments presented a “single peak” pattern， with the maximum peak appearing in June. The content of each carbon component decreased along with soil profile， and the amplitude of CE was the largest（15.70%-67.44%）.（3）AM fungal inoculation significantly affected the accumulation of organic carbon components due to significant changes in soil temperature and water content（P<0.05）. Compared with the control， the ratio of increase in soil temperature and water content under inoculation treatments was listed in a decreasing order of RI>CE>FM. Polynomial regression analysis indicated that total organic carbon content in soils significantly increased with the increase of soil temperature and water content（P<0.05）. The explanatory powers of soil temperature and water content on the changes of soil carbon pool were different under different inoculation treatments， of which the explanatory power of soil temperature was listed in a decreasing order： RI（94.55%）>CE（93.47%）>FM（90.49%）； that of soil water content： RI（95.01%）>CE（90.06%）>FM（88.11%）.（4）Under inoculation treatments， soil organic carbon content was correlated negatively with soil pH and bulk density， and significantly positively with soil carbon components， soil temperature， water content， content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen， colonization rate， and hyphal lodge density（P<0.05）. The principal component results indicated that soil carbon components， soil water content， and soil temperature were the main factors affecting accumulation of soil organic carbon content. Therefore， AM fungi symbiosis with F. malacophylla mainly significantly regulated the temporal-spatial dynamics of carbon pool accumulation in rocky desertification soil by mediating changes in soil carbon and nitrogen contents. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Research on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Three Poplar Varieties Grown in Western Heilongjiang Zheng ZHANG, Peng ZHANG Bulletin of Botanical Research    2025, 45 (5): 807-815.   DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.05.014 Abstract （378）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save In order to solve the problem of unmached species to site for poplar plantations in western Songnen Plain， three poplar varieties， namely HQ（P. euramericana ‘N3016’×P. ussuriensis）， LF（P. deltoides×P. simonii ‘LongFeng-1’） and 2111Y（Populus euramericana（Dode） cv. ‘DN113’） grown in western Heilongjiang as materials， the growth parameters， stoichiometric relationship of branches and leaves， and physiological characteristics of leaves were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the averaged annual radial growth rate was in a range of 2.32-2.84 cm?a-1， of which LF had the highest radial growth rate， followed by 2111Y， significantly higher than that of HQ. A binomial function relationship between stem diameter and stem height existed in the poplar varieties. Branch water contents of LF and 2111Y were significantly higher than that of HQ（P<0.05）. Specific leaf area of LF was higher than that of the other poplar varieties. There were significant differences in elements content and their stoichiometric ratio in the twigs and leaves of high-class twigs. Among them， the N and K contents in leaves and twigs of LF were the highest， followed by 2111Y， and HQ； P content in leaves of 2111Y was higher than that of the other poplars. Leaf C-to-N ratios of the three poplar varieties were in the range of 19.41-21.65； C-to-P ratios in the range of 6.01-9.40. There were significant differences in leaf C and N metabolism levels of the three poplar varieties. Among them， leaf content of soluble sugar， starch， and non-structure carbohydrates of HQ were higher than those of LF and 2111Y， and the contents of \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} and \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+} were higher than those of 2111Y， whereas leaf free amino acid content of HQ was lower than that of the other poplars. There was significant difference in plant hormone levels among the three poplar varieties， with salicylic acid contents in leaves of HQ and abscisic acid content in leaves of 2111Y significantly lower than the other poplars. The auxin content of LF leaves was lower than that of 2111Y leaves. There was no difference in leaf gibberellin content among the poplar varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics